Towards online surface water quality monitoring technology: A review

• Published in: ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
• Main Authors: Farouk, Muhammad Izz Hakimi Zaidi; Jamil, Zadariana; Latip, Mohd Fuad Abdul
• Format: Review; Early Access
• Language: English
• Published: ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 2023
• Subjects: Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
• Online Access: https://www-webofscience-com.uitm.idm.oclc.org/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:001154336900001
• ISSN: 0013-9351; 1096-0953
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117147

The exponential growth of human population and anthropogenic activities have led to the increase of global surface water contamination especially in river, lakes and ocean. Safe and clean surface water sources are crucial to human health and well-being, aquatic ecosystem, environment and economy. Thus, water monitoring is vital to ensure minimal and controllable contamination in the water sources. The conventional surface water monitoring method involves collecting samples on site and then testing them in the laboratory, which is timeconsuming and not able to provide real-time water quality data. In addition, it involves many manpower and resources, costly and lack of integration. These make surface water quality monitoring more challenging. The incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology has contributed to the improvement of monitoring system. There are different approaches in the development and implementation of online surface water quality monitoring system to provide real-time data collection with lower operating cost. This paper reviews the sensors and system developed for the online surface water quality monitoring system in the previous studies. The calibration and validation of the sensors, and challenges in the design and development of online surface water quality monitoring system are also discussed.