| Summary: | This paper aims to identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial competencies among Malay-Muslim academic librarians in Malaysian public universities. To collect qualitative data, ten academic librarians were interviewed in focus group discussions. The findings revealed that academic librarians' practices are influenced by their personal beliefs and knowledge of Islam, which have become ingrained in their Muslim way of life despite their lack of understanding of entrepreneurial competencies. These factors have a significant impact on librarians' cognitive processes, thus, on their entrepreneurial behavior. The findings suggest that it is pivotal to strengthen the personal beliefs and knowledge of academic librarians to be entrepreneurial.
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