| Summary: | Moringa oleifera (MO) is renowned for its remarkable medicinal uses, supported by claims across various cultures and growing scientific evidence. Preclinical experimental evidence indicated that MO may effectively reduce bone loss and promote bone remodelling through its effects on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In vivo studies demonstrated that MO enhances critical aspects of bone health, such as bone volume, trabecular thickness and overall bone density. Furthermore, MO positively influenced bone biomarkers including alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, reflecting improved bone formation. Additionally, in vitro and ex vivo studies revealed that MO boosted bone regeneration, stimulated osteoblast activity and reduced inflammation. In terms of mechanisms, MO may modulate signalling pathways related to bone metabolism, such as BMP2, PI3K/Akt/FOXO1, p38α/MAPK14 and RANKL/RANK//OPG pathways. This evidence provides a strong foundation for future clinical research and potential therapeutic applications in managing and preventing bone loss conditions. © The author(s).
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