Hybrid in-situ and ex-situ hydrolysis of catalytic epoxidation neem oil via a peracid mechanism

• Published in: Scientific Reports
• Main Author: Rasib I.M.; Jalil M.J.; Mubarak N.M.; Azmi I.S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Nature Research 2025
• Online Access: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85214023196&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-024-84541-7&partnerID=40&md5=697c6c78608dc1da3825e1c06c199753

The depletion of oil reserves and their price and availability volatility raise researchers’ concerns about renewable resources for epoxidized material. This study aims to produce in situ and ex-situ hydrolyzed dihydroxy stearic acid via the epoxidation of neem oil. Epoxidized neem oil was synthesized using in situ-generated performic acid. The Taguchi method was employed to optimize hydrolysis, aiming for maximum production of dihydroxystearic acid. The Taguchi method’s signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis identified optimal conditions for producing dihydroxy stearic acid with a maximum hydroxyl value of 129.4 mg KOH/g: (1) water/neem oil molar ratio of 2:1, (2) water addition time of 90 min, and (3) reaction stop time of 120 min. ANOVA revealed the significant order of parameters as reaction stop time > water addition time > water/neem oil molar ratio. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed using MATLAB, applying the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and simulated annealing optimization to determine the best-fitting kinetic model. This research aids in transforming neem oil into a value-added product, reduces petroleum dependence, and provides key insights into reaction kinetics for industrial applications. © The Author(s) 2024.