The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method

Synthetic calcium phosphate, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), has been used in various medical applications due to its biocompatibility and bioactivity. With time, increased interest in the development of HA from natural resources has started to emerge to produce more sustainable biomaterial precur...

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Published in:International Journal of Integrated Engineering
Main Author: Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Penerbit UTHM 2024
Online Access:https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85212084014&doi=10.30880%2fijie.2024.16.08.012&partnerID=40&md5=d06faeea16a6549a31a128ce654152da
id 2-s2.0-85212084014
spelling 2-s2.0-85212084014
Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
2024
International Journal of Integrated Engineering
16
8
10.30880/ijie.2024.16.08.012
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85212084014&doi=10.30880%2fijie.2024.16.08.012&partnerID=40&md5=d06faeea16a6549a31a128ce654152da
Synthetic calcium phosphate, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), has been used in various medical applications due to its biocompatibility and bioactivity. With time, increased interest in the development of HA from natural resources has started to emerge to produce more sustainable biomaterial precursors. HA has been successfully prepared from biogenic waste as the calcium precursor via extraction of calcium oxide from eggshells, seashells, and animal bones (cow, chicken, fish) via the wet method. The dry process, particularly solid-state reaction, has been least preferred due to the tendency of powder contamination and non-homogeneous powder mixing. However, with the proper processing regime, this method can produce pure HA on a mass scale with improved properties as it does not require precise control conditions. In this work, HA was synthesised from eggshell wastes through mechanochemical activation and heat treatment processes. The calcium precursor in pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was extracted from eggshells through calcination. Then, the Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) as phosphorus precursor was added to the calcined eggshells via a simple mechanochemical route for 2 hours, and the obtained powder mixture was subjected to heat treatment at 800°C to obtain pure HA. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of phase pure HA in the synthesised powder with an average crystallite size of 26.35 ± 0.1 nm and an average agglomerated particle size of 520 nm. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis has validated the elemental composition of synthesised HA with a Ca/P ratio of 1.76, which closely resembles pure HA with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67. Hence. through calcination, eggshell waste in pure CaCO3 form has been successfully utilised as a sustainable calcium precursor in producing HA via a dry method approach with high potential as a biomaterial for biomedical applications and has indirectly contributed to cost reduction of materials processing. © This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Penerbit UTHM
2229838X
English
Article

author Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
spellingShingle Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
author_facet Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
author_sort Ghouse R.M.; Natasha A.N.; Shahedan N.F.; Ramesh S.; Bang L.T.
title The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
title_short The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
title_full The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
title_fullStr The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
title_full_unstemmed The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
title_sort The Properties of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Carbonate Eggshell Waste Through Ball Milling and Heat Treatment Method
publishDate 2024
container_title International Journal of Integrated Engineering
container_volume 16
container_issue 8
doi_str_mv 10.30880/ijie.2024.16.08.012
url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85212084014&doi=10.30880%2fijie.2024.16.08.012&partnerID=40&md5=d06faeea16a6549a31a128ce654152da
description Synthetic calcium phosphate, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), has been used in various medical applications due to its biocompatibility and bioactivity. With time, increased interest in the development of HA from natural resources has started to emerge to produce more sustainable biomaterial precursors. HA has been successfully prepared from biogenic waste as the calcium precursor via extraction of calcium oxide from eggshells, seashells, and animal bones (cow, chicken, fish) via the wet method. The dry process, particularly solid-state reaction, has been least preferred due to the tendency of powder contamination and non-homogeneous powder mixing. However, with the proper processing regime, this method can produce pure HA on a mass scale with improved properties as it does not require precise control conditions. In this work, HA was synthesised from eggshell wastes through mechanochemical activation and heat treatment processes. The calcium precursor in pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was extracted from eggshells through calcination. Then, the Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) as phosphorus precursor was added to the calcined eggshells via a simple mechanochemical route for 2 hours, and the obtained powder mixture was subjected to heat treatment at 800°C to obtain pure HA. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of phase pure HA in the synthesised powder with an average crystallite size of 26.35 ± 0.1 nm and an average agglomerated particle size of 520 nm. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis has validated the elemental composition of synthesised HA with a Ca/P ratio of 1.76, which closely resembles pure HA with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67. Hence. through calcination, eggshell waste in pure CaCO3 form has been successfully utilised as a sustainable calcium precursor in producing HA via a dry method approach with high potential as a biomaterial for biomedical applications and has indirectly contributed to cost reduction of materials processing. © This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
publisher Penerbit UTHM
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language English
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