| Summary: | Graphene is a novel material that emerged following the era of carbon nanotubes and is an extraordinary two-dimensional (2D) material. The consump-tion of materials derived from petroleum has highlighted numerous sustainability concerns. New approaches to graphene production and waste management have recently emerged. This study focuses on the characterization of graphene produced from carbon-rich waste materials using bottom-up and top-down techniques. Consid-ering graphene is primarily made up of chemically bonded carbon atoms, starting materials employed must contain high carbon as their main element. In this study, the carbon-rich waste materials are of natural and synthetic waste categories, such as waste cooking oil, waste engine oil, coconut shells, and plastic. These carbon-rich wastes are highly potential to be converted to high-quality graphene. Using waste materials can indirectly reduce the environmental impact by lowering the quantity of abandoned waste that accumulates in landfills and reducing the toxic composi-tion of the land. Producing graphene from abundant waste materials would be a game-changing invention, especially given how attractive graphene has been. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
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