| Summary: | The global flame retardant (FR) market is projected to reach USD 9.2 billion by 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.1% from 2022. The primary applications for FRs are in the electronic and automotive industries. However, due to environmental concerns, certain halogenated FRs have been banned. This has led to the emergence of biobased nanomaterials as a trend in the development of natural-based nanoparticles for FR purposes. Many researchers have explored the use of biopolymers, such as nanolignin, nanochitosan, nanocellulose, tannin, starch, phytic acid, and vegetable oil, as green fillers in composite systems, as an alternative to fossil fuel-based FRs. Nanomaterials, which are substances smaller than 100 nm, are gaining increasing attention in various applications, including high FR products, due to their ability to create a protective layer, dissipate heat, and dilute oxygen. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive study on biobased nanomaterials can provide valuable insights into the potential of nano-sized biopolymers as FRs. This review aims to systematically explore recent research breakthroughs concerning the potential of nano-sized biopolymers derived from lignin, chitosan, cellulose, and other biobased macro-sized components. The review covers aspects such as structure, availability, functionalization, characterization, and flame retardancy properties of products after the incorporation of green fillers. Furthermore, the review discusses limitations and future opportunities, aiming to attract researchers’ attention to address current research gaps in the field of biobased FR substances. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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