Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background: Under-utilisation of immunisation services remains a public health challenge. Pharmacists act as facilitators and increasingly as immunisers, yet relatively little robust evidence exists of the impact elicited on patient health outcome and vaccination uptake. Objective: To evaluate the i...
Published in: | Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice |
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BioMed Central Ltd
2024
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2-s2.0-85184412587 Rahim M.H.A.; Dom S.H.M.; Hamzah M.S.R.; Azman S.H.; Zaharuddin Z.; Fahrni M.L. Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2024 Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 17 1 10.1080/20523211.2023.2285955 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184412587&doi=10.1080%2f20523211.2023.2285955&partnerID=40&md5=1c79c039950f896ca6b27e83638238f6 Background: Under-utilisation of immunisation services remains a public health challenge. Pharmacists act as facilitators and increasingly as immunisers, yet relatively little robust evidence exists of the impact elicited on patient health outcome and vaccination uptake. Objective: To evaluate the influence of pharmacist interventions on public vaccination rate. Methods: SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2023 to retrieve non- and randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Studies were excluded if no comparator group to pharmacist involvement was reported. Data extraction, risk of bias assessments, and meta-analyses using random-effect models, were performed. Results: Four RCTs and 15 non-RCTs, encompassing influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, and tetanus-diphtheria and pertussis vaccine types, and administered in diverse settings including community pharmacies, were included. Pooled effect sizes revealed that, as compared to usual care, pharmacists, regardless of their intervention, improved the overall immunisation uptake by up to 51% [RR 1.51 (1.28, 1.77)] while immunisation frequency doubled when pharmacists acted specifically as advocators [RR 2.09 (1.42, 3.07)]. Conclusion: While the evidence for pharmacist immunisers was mixed, their contribution to immunisation programmes boosted public vaccination rate. Pharmacists demonstrated leadership and acquired indispensable advocator roles in the community and hospital settings. Future research could explore the depth of engagement and hence the extent of influence on immunisation uptake. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. BioMed Central Ltd 20523211 English Article All Open Access; Gold Open Access |
author |
Rahim M.H.A.; Dom S.H.M.; Hamzah M.S.R.; Azman S.H.; Zaharuddin Z.; Fahrni M.L. |
spellingShingle |
Rahim M.H.A.; Dom S.H.M.; Hamzah M.S.R.; Azman S.H.; Zaharuddin Z.; Fahrni M.L. Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
author_facet |
Rahim M.H.A.; Dom S.H.M.; Hamzah M.S.R.; Azman S.H.; Zaharuddin Z.; Fahrni M.L. |
author_sort |
Rahim M.H.A.; Dom S.H.M.; Hamzah M.S.R.; Azman S.H.; Zaharuddin Z.; Fahrni M.L. |
title |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_short |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_full |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_fullStr |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_sort |
Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
publishDate |
2024 |
container_title |
Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice |
container_volume |
17 |
container_issue |
1 |
doi_str_mv |
10.1080/20523211.2023.2285955 |
url |
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184412587&doi=10.1080%2f20523211.2023.2285955&partnerID=40&md5=1c79c039950f896ca6b27e83638238f6 |
description |
Background: Under-utilisation of immunisation services remains a public health challenge. Pharmacists act as facilitators and increasingly as immunisers, yet relatively little robust evidence exists of the impact elicited on patient health outcome and vaccination uptake. Objective: To evaluate the influence of pharmacist interventions on public vaccination rate. Methods: SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2023 to retrieve non- and randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Studies were excluded if no comparator group to pharmacist involvement was reported. Data extraction, risk of bias assessments, and meta-analyses using random-effect models, were performed. Results: Four RCTs and 15 non-RCTs, encompassing influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, and tetanus-diphtheria and pertussis vaccine types, and administered in diverse settings including community pharmacies, were included. Pooled effect sizes revealed that, as compared to usual care, pharmacists, regardless of their intervention, improved the overall immunisation uptake by up to 51% [RR 1.51 (1.28, 1.77)] while immunisation frequency doubled when pharmacists acted specifically as advocators [RR 2.09 (1.42, 3.07)]. Conclusion: While the evidence for pharmacist immunisers was mixed, their contribution to immunisation programmes boosted public vaccination rate. Pharmacists demonstrated leadership and acquired indispensable advocator roles in the community and hospital settings. Future research could explore the depth of engagement and hence the extent of influence on immunisation uptake. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. |
publisher |
BioMed Central Ltd |
issn |
20523211 |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
accesstype |
All Open Access; Gold Open Access |
record_format |
scopus |
collection |
Scopus |
_version_ |
1809677886067572736 |