Green catalytic epoxidation of hybrid oleic acid derived from waste palm cooking oil + palm oil

• Published in: Polymer Bulletin
• Main Author: Kadir M.Z.A.; Azmi I.S.; Kasmin N.D.; Rahman S.J.A.; Jalil M.J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH 2024
• Online Access: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175609958&doi=10.1007%2fs00289-023-05029-4&partnerID=40&md5=0cd702dd8691b3994a09ebf281ff7cca

The use of renewable resources for producing epoxides as a substitute for petroleum-based sources is a growing trend, and in this regard, several vegetable oils can serve as suitable alternatives. The aim of this study to optimized process parameters of epoxidation of hybrid oleic acid derive a mixture from palm oil and waste cooking when heterogenous catalyst. The signal-to-noise ratio analysis in Taguchi method shows the optimum reaction for production of epoxidized hybrid oleic acid to the response of oxirane content were temperature of 85 °C, agitation speed of 200 rpm, formic acid to oleic acid molar ratio of 1.5, and hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid molar ratio of 1.5. The order of significance of the process parameters was as follows: molar ratio hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid > molar ratio formic acid to oleic acid > stirring speed > reaction temperature. Based on the results, the relative conversion to oxirane of epoxidized hybrid oleic acid production was calculated of 58%, and oxirane ring can be detected at wavenumber 880 cm−1. A mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration Runge–Kutta fourth Order method and show that it valid since minimal error between experiment and simulation data. After 100 iterations, the reaction rate parameters were obtained as follows: k11 = 0.8011 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, k12 = 8.5201 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, k2 = 0.0922 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, and k3 = 0.0065 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.