| Summary: | Dyes are widely used as coloring agents globally in the industrial field, especially in the textile industry. As proof, 10,000 types of dyes have been introduced and are continuously used, reaching a usage viability of 700,000 tons. The widespread use of synthetic dyes is caused by their economic factors, ready availability, superior strength, and ability to cover a wide range of shades. However, the discharge of commercial dyes is increasing at a swift rate as industrialization continues to grow, leading to severe hazards to living organisms due to their toxic and harmful impacts. The discharge of dyes into water reservoirs is a concern because of their high toxicity and bioaccumulation in living organisms. One of the most used commercial dyes, azo dyes, possesses a benzidine function that needs to be treated soon due to its side effects. Dyes contain toxicity and have a strong tendency toward eutrophication. The major globally concerned issues are water and soil pollution. The massive use of these dyes in industrial sectors is the main reason behind these environmental issues. Even at concentrations lower than one ppm, around 10% of the untreated discharged dyes impart an intense color, making the water highly detrimental. As an unwanted consequence, this exhibits an immense environmental hazard to the surroundings. Thorough studies on dye metabolites and their constituents have been developed to reduce the acute diverse effects of dyes. However, a few outdated techniques such as ozonation and chlorination are still being utilized to break down untreated dye discharge for various reasons, including economic factors. In this review, the ability of the green oxidation catalysis method of degradation to degrade dye is reviewed owing to its eco-friendliness and safety. © 2023, Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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