Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations

Purpose: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing was recently added to the sixth edition of the World Health Organization laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. Many conditions and risk factors have been associated with elevated SDF; therefore, it is important to identify...

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Published in:World Journal of Men's Health
Main Author: Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology 2023
Online Access:https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159180302&doi=10.5534%2fwjmh.220282&partnerID=40&md5=a7e1de81a01aa89e0115a773c41cee6a
id 2-s2.0-85159180302
spelling 2-s2.0-85159180302
Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
2023
World Journal of Men's Health
41

10.5534/wjmh.220282
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159180302&doi=10.5534%2fwjmh.220282&partnerID=40&md5=a7e1de81a01aa89e0115a773c41cee6a
Purpose: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing was recently added to the sixth edition of the World Health Organization laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. Many conditions and risk factors have been associated with elevated SDF; therefore, it is important to identify the population of infertile men who might benefit from this test. The purpose of this study was to investigate global practices related to indications for SDF testing, compare the relevant professional society guideline recommendations, and provide expert recommendations. Materials and Methods: Clinicians managing male infertility were invited to take part in a global online survey on SDF clinical practices. This was conducted following the CHERRIES checklist criteria. The responses were compared to professional society guideline recommendations related to SDF and the appropriate available evidence. Expert recommendations on indications for SDF testing were then formulated, and the Delphi method was used to reach consensus. Results: The survey was completed by 436 experts from 55 countries. Almost 75% of respondents test for SDF in all or some men with unexplained or idiopathic infertility, 39% order it routinely in the work-up of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and 62.2% investigate SDF in smokers. While 47% of reproductive urologists test SDF to support the decision for varicocele repair surgery when conventional semen parameters are normal, significantly fewer general urologists (23%; p=0.008) do the same. Nearly 70% would assess SDF before assisted reproductive technologies (ART), either always or for certain conditions. Recurrent ART failure is a common indication for SDF testing. Very few society recommendations were found regarding SDF testing. Conclusions: This article presents the largest global survey on the indications for SDF testing in infertile men, and demonstrates diverse practices. Furthermore, it highlights the paucity of professional society guideline recommendations. Expert recommendations are proposed to help guide clinicians. Copyright © 2023 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.
Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology
22874208
English
Article
All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
author Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
spellingShingle Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
author_facet Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
author_sort Agarwal A.; Farkouh A.; Saleh R.; Hamoda T.A.-A.A.-M.; Harraz A.M.; Kavoussi P.; Arafa M.; Salvio G.; Rambhatla A.; Toprak T.; Gül M.; Phuoc N.H.V.; Boitrelle F.; Birowo P.; Ghayda R.A.; Cannarella R.; Kuroda S.; Durairajanayagam D.; Zini A.; Wyns C.; Sarikaya S.; Tremellen K.; Mostafa T.; Sokolakis I.; Evenson D.P.; Henkel R.; Zohdy W.; Chung E.; Ziouziou I.; Falcone M.; Russo G.I.; Al-Hashimi M.; Calogero A.E.; Ko E.; Colpi G.; Lewis S.; Serefoglu E.C.; Bahar F.; Martinez M.; Nguyen Q.; Ambar R.F.; Bakircioglu M.E.; Kandil H.; Mogharabian N.; Sabbaghian M.; Taniguchi H.; Tsujimura A.; Sajadi H.; Ibrahim W.; Atmoko W.; Vogiatzi P.; Gunes S.; Gilani M.A.S.; Roychoudhury S.; Güngör N.D.; Hakim L.; Adriansjah R.; Kothari P.; Jindal S.; Amar E.; Park H.J.; Long T.Q.T.; Homa S.; Karthikeyan V.S.; Zilaitiene B.; Rosas I.M.; Marino A.; Pescatori E.; Ozer C.; Akhavizadegan H.; Garrido N.; Busetto G.M.; Adamyan A.; Al-Marhoon M.; Elbardisi H.; Dolati P.; Darbandi M.; Darbandi S.; Balercia G.; Pinggera G.-M.; Micic S.; Ho C.C.K.; Moussa M.; Preto M.; Zenoaga-Barbăroșie C.; Smith R.P.; Kosgi R.; de la Rosette J.; El-Sakka A.I.; Abumelha S.M.; Mierzwa T.C.; Ong T.A.; Banihani S.A.; Bowa K.; Fukuhara S.; Boeri L.; Danacıoğlu Y.O.; Gokalp F.; Selim O.M.; Cho C.-L.; Tadros N.N.; Ugur M.R.; Ozkent M.S.; Chiu P.; Kalkanli A.; Khalafalla K.; Vishwakarma R.B.; Finocchi F.; Andreadakis S.; Giulioni C.; Çeker G.; Ceyhan E.; Malhotra V.; Yilmaz M.; Timpano M.; Barrett T.L.; Kim S.H.K.; Ahn S.-T.; Giacone F.; Palani A.; Duarsa G.W.K.; Kadioglu A.; Gadda F.; Zylbersztejn D.S.; Aydos K.; Kulaksız D.; Gupte D.; Calik G.; Karna K.K.; Drakopoulos P.; Baser A.; Kumar V.; Molina J.M.C.; Rajmil O.; Ferreira R.H.; Leonardi S.; Avoyan A.; Sogutdelen E.; Franco G.; Ramsay J.; Ramirez L.; Shah R.; Gherabi N.; Kahraman O.; Trotta C.; Rocco L.; Ngoo K.S.; Sallam H.; El Meliegy A.; Alhathal N.; Chien K.; Lee J.; Le T.V.
title Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
title_short Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
title_full Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
title_fullStr Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
title_full_unstemmed Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
title_sort Controversy and Consensus on Indications for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations
publishDate 2023
container_title World Journal of Men's Health
container_volume 41
container_issue
doi_str_mv 10.5534/wjmh.220282
url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159180302&doi=10.5534%2fwjmh.220282&partnerID=40&md5=a7e1de81a01aa89e0115a773c41cee6a
description Purpose: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing was recently added to the sixth edition of the World Health Organization laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. Many conditions and risk factors have been associated with elevated SDF; therefore, it is important to identify the population of infertile men who might benefit from this test. The purpose of this study was to investigate global practices related to indications for SDF testing, compare the relevant professional society guideline recommendations, and provide expert recommendations. Materials and Methods: Clinicians managing male infertility were invited to take part in a global online survey on SDF clinical practices. This was conducted following the CHERRIES checklist criteria. The responses were compared to professional society guideline recommendations related to SDF and the appropriate available evidence. Expert recommendations on indications for SDF testing were then formulated, and the Delphi method was used to reach consensus. Results: The survey was completed by 436 experts from 55 countries. Almost 75% of respondents test for SDF in all or some men with unexplained or idiopathic infertility, 39% order it routinely in the work-up of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and 62.2% investigate SDF in smokers. While 47% of reproductive urologists test SDF to support the decision for varicocele repair surgery when conventional semen parameters are normal, significantly fewer general urologists (23%; p=0.008) do the same. Nearly 70% would assess SDF before assisted reproductive technologies (ART), either always or for certain conditions. Recurrent ART failure is a common indication for SDF testing. Very few society recommendations were found regarding SDF testing. Conclusions: This article presents the largest global survey on the indications for SDF testing in infertile men, and demonstrates diverse practices. Furthermore, it highlights the paucity of professional society guideline recommendations. Expert recommendations are proposed to help guide clinicians. Copyright © 2023 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.
publisher Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology
issn 22874208
language English
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accesstype All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
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