| Summary: | Replacing fossil fuels with biomass-derived energy have brought positive effects on economic, environmental, and health fields. Various sources of waste biomass such as agricultural waste, food waste, and industrial wastewater have the significant potential to turn into a nonconventional energy source. While pyrolysis, liquefaction, and fermentation technologies are specifically employed for liquid fuel production, biomass gasification contributes to syngas synthesis. The key obstacles in further increasing the share of such renewable energy carriers are due to technological improvements to increase efficiency and cost factors. To attract further investment in the sector, efforts should be directed toward the development of more user-friendly and cost-effective technologies at various scales. It should be emphasized that the production of energy carriers derived from biomass, bioelectricity, and biofuels can be considered as an effective means of achieving some of the key sustainable development goals. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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