| Summary: | In 2011, a no deforestation, no peat, no exploitation (NDPE) policy with the objective to develop an environmentally and socially responsible palm oil industry was introduced. This policy was first executed when an established Singaporean palm oil company, Golden-Agri Resources (GAR), implemented its forest conservation policy. At first, this policy was only applied to the company to be a high carbon stock (HCS) forest concept, but its scope was restricted. In December 2013, a large agribusiness related to oil palm products, Wilmar International Ltd., introduced their NDPE policy, thus creating standards for its entire supply chain. Wilmar agreed to avoid purchasing from suppliers who burned trees, drained peatland, or abused local people (Scott, 2014). For the following years, other major companies and oil palm mills followed these NDPE policies, and this was recognized as a good turning point for the oil palm industry toward more responsible and sustainable production of palm oil. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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